Stairway to heaven: How to build garden steps for a prettier outdoor haven

Whether you’re in a classic weatherboard in the suburbs or a modern home with a landscaped backyard, well-built garden steps can make your outdoor space easier to use and nicer to look at. The challenge is knowing how to build ones that are safe, sturdy, and don’t blow the budget.

This guide walks you through everything you need to know — from the tools and materials required to the step-by-step build process, plus a few handy tips along the way.

What tools do you need to build garden steps?

Work-in-progress view of garden step installation using wood, bricks, and a compacted base (Source: iStock)

Building stairs in a garden demands precision for user comfort, stability, and safety. A well-planned path is also aesthetically pleasing, even cohesive. All these begin with having the right tools and equipment.

A gardener specialising in landscaping or building garden steps usually invests in the following:

How do you plan garden steps?

Now that you have the tools to build your garden steps, the next step is careful planning. 

1. Assess your outdoor space

When making garden steps, focus on three crucial elements: garden layout, slope influence, and soil type.

Garden layout

The garden layout refers to the arrangement of different elements in your outdoor space. It affects the functions, aesthetics, and accessibility of your steps. If you hire a landscaper, this professional might consider the presence of an existing garden wall. Can it provide structural support? How does the existing wall influence the overall garden design? How many steps can you make?

You might also need to know whether the garden steps connect to the front or back door. Front steps must create a welcoming entrance and a smooth transition to the garden pathways. Back steps might prioritise functionality, providing convenient access to patios for outdoor dining, sheds for storage, or garden beds for your flowering and food plants.

Slope

Another factor is the slope, which partly dictates the project’s safety, durability, and maintenance requirements. Otherwise, the garden steps could only increase the risks of slips, trips, and falls, as well as soil erosion.

The slope determines whether you need someone to level the area and the number of steps, heights, and widths. Usually, a gentle slope or a slight fall can benefit from wide, shallow steps. Building garden steps is more complicated when the slope is steep. It might require additional structures for stability (to prevent soil shifting), such as retaining walls, landings between steps, and deeper footings.

Soil type

Lastly, there is soil type. Australia has various soil types due to its diverse climates, geographies, and vegetation. Each requires a different approach to building a garden. For example:

• Sandy soil is loose and drains too quickly, making it prone to shifting and erosion under garden steps. You might need compacted gravel or concrete footing strips to stabilise the base and reinforce the steps with brick, stone, or concrete blocks.

• Clay soil expands when wet and shrinks when dry, leading to cracking and movement in garden steps. A probable solution is installing deep concrete footings with proper reinforcement, adding drainage channels to prevent water buildup, and using retaining walls for extra support.

• Peaty soil, common in Tasmania and Victoria, has a high moisture content. It can cause wooden steps to rot and concrete to degrade over time. You should avoid untreated wood and seal concrete and stone steps.

•  Black earth, or vertosol, in the country’s savannas has a high organic content but is often loose and prone to compaction. Consider replacing the top player with crushed stone for stability.

Analysing garden layout, slope, and soil type guides material choices, safety, comfort, functionality, aesthetics, and accessibility.

2. Measure and calculate step dimensions

Garden step measurement for planning or adjusting outdoor steps and pathways (Source: iStock)

Once you have assessed the space, you are ready to proceed to the next phase of the garden step building or construction, which is measuring step dimensions.

First, here are a few terms to remember:

• The step tread, or going, is a flat surface on which the person steps. Its depth must be wide enough for walking comfort. 

• The riser is the vertical face of a step, connecting one tread to the next. Its height determines how high a person should lift their foot to reach the next step.

• The front edge overhangs the riser, providing more space for proper foot placement to prevent slips.

• The landing is the flat platform between flights or steps. Consider adding it every 10 to 12 steps to provide enough breaks and comfort, especially for children and older people.

• Step dimensions are the combined measurement of tread depth and riser height. 

Australia has strict guidelines when it comes to garden steps, specifically stairs, which should follow the same standards as indoor stairs. 

In general, a single flight should have no more than 18 risers, which should have the same measurements as the treads. The slope must be between 20 and 45 degrees, with the most comfortable range being 30 to 38 degrees. 

All treads and top nosing must have a non-slip finish, while risers that are more than 18 need a landing. Depending on the rise, handrails might be necessary.

Step 1: Determine the total rise

Using a level, measure the vertical distance (the total height of a slope’s top-to-bottom levels). Then, divide the number by your preferred riser height to determine how many treads you need (round up to the nearest whole number). Usually, it is between 152mm and 203mm, which is the natural stride of an average adult.

For example, the total rise is 100cm or 1,000mm. If your ideal riser height is 178mm, you must have six steps.

Step 2: Know the tread depth

Determine the tread length or depth by calculating the total horizontal distance or the run, which is from the nosing or front edge of a step to the next. Then, divide the number by the total steps.

As mentioned, your hypothetical garden steps have six. If the run is 2,500mm, the tread depth is 417mm per step. This ensures that each step is deep enough for comfortable walking and a smooth transition along the slope.

Step 3: Mark out the step area

After measuring the tread lengths and heights, you can now outline the marked-out area. Using chalk, create two parallel lines to guide your step’s layout. Note that the first tread should align with the ground level and that every step should be aligned and evenly spaced.

Notes:

• Always refer to your city’s or council’s building codes before you start the garden steps construction to avoid paying fines or redoing the work.

• Although the ideal riser height is from 152mm to 203mm, the more realistic measurement might be lower or higher, depending on many factors, such as the slope’s steepness.

• An existing wall can affect the step dimensions, specifically the depth or length. If it limits the horizontal space, each tread might be shorter. When the wall creates a sharp transition, such as a raised patio with no space to add more steps, the whole project might also require a landing.

Choose materials for your garden steps

Rustic wooden garden steps integrated into a landscaped hillside (Source: iStock)

Stone

Natural stone, such as granite, sandstone, and slate, is one of the most classic and durable materials for garden steps. They feel organic, are weather-resistant, and last a long time, making them ideal for high-traffic pathways and sloped gardens.

However, due to quarrying and transportation costs, they can be expensive to use when constructing garden steps. The large flat stones need wide, stable treads (or low risers and deep treads) for stability, although they are easily shaped with minimal cutting.

Brick

An excellent alternative to natural stones is bricks. Traditional and warm, this material works well in both modern and classic garden designs, such as Victorian or cottage homes. This is due to its various pattern options, like herringbone and basketweave. Stretcher bond bricks can also create a uniform, patterned look for better style and stability.

The problem is that it is prone to moss and algae, especially in wetter regions, and can shift or sink, depending on the soil type. For strong vertical support, you can strengthen it with brick risers or a brick wall. Engineered bricks, which are clay exposed to high temperatures to make them less porous and more weather-resistant, are pricier but denser and more durable.

Concrete

Concrete steps are low-maintenance but modern options. They are sleek, durable, and budget-friendly. Concrete slabs are also highly versatile, especially with their textures, colours, and designs. You can keep their steps wide and smooth for a clean and uniform finish. If you add treads, they can become non-slip surfaces, ideal for households with children and older people.

However, they are susceptible to cracking when not appropriately reinforced. Some are also highly porous, increasing the risk of moisture. Once set, they can be heavy and challenging to change.

Timber

Timber steps are the cheapest option. Those who prefer to DIY their garden steps can consider this material. It is lightweight and easy to install. Timber also exudes warm, rustic vibes, making it an excellent choice for homesteads or properties with decks and natural landscapes.

One of its biggest cons, though, is that it is less long-lasting than stone, brick, and concrete steps. Timber needs regular maintenance, such as sealing or staining. Because of its porosity, it can quickly rot or warp, and termites can also shorten its lifespan.

If you want to stick with timber, consider engineered wood, which is more durable and moisture-resistant. Another choice is railway sleepers, which you can stack up for better support. Lastly, get help from a carpenter to reinforce the structure.

How can you design garden steps that match your style?

Garden steps made of weathered wood, set between rocks and flowering plants (Source: iStock)

Whether you prefer classic elegance, modern simplicity, or a natural look, selecting the right materials for your garden steps keeps them stylish, functional, and safe. Here are the options and when to choose (or avoid) them:

Stick to the classics

Brick steps, natural stones, and paving slabs are the best options if you’re looking for a classic, sophisticated, traditional, and structured aesthetic. Brick and natural stone can preserve the character of heritage homes and enhance hedges, fountains, and classic pathways in formal gardens. Paving slabs also work well on small- to medium-sized garden steps in suburban homes.

However, if your property is on a steep slope, you might need to reconsider bricks. The project would require multiple layers of risers, which are expensive and prone to shifting later. Your next best choice is paving slabs, but they can become slippery and unstable on steeper gradients. Installing natural stone on loose or soft soil can be challenging. Without a concrete footing, it can also sink or settle.

Embrace the modern or contemporary

Concrete steps, slabs, and artificial grass are cheap, structured, low-maintenance, and versatile options for more modern gardens. 

These materials blend with glass, steel, and industrial-style designs to create a clean, minimalist look for urban homes. They also integrate seamlessly with multi-level outdoor spaces because they are easier to tier, cut, or mould.

However, these contemporary garden steps have challenges. Concrete steps can crack over time, especially in regions with frequent freeze-thaw cycles. Slabs can also cause water to pool and for algae and moss to grow, increasing the risks of slips and falls. Meanwhile, grass cannot work in steep inclines because it can detach, shift, and wrinkle.

Complement the existing landscape

For a seamless, natural look for your garden paths, materials should integrate smoothly with your design, terrain, and existing structures. For example:

• Using local natural stone or timber helps preserve the rustic charm of traditional properties or countryside homes.

• If you have an existing wall, matching materials (e.g., brick or stone) to create sloped gardens with a retaining wall helps maintain visual continuity.

• Natural materials blend well into permaculture landscapes and wildflower gardens often found in eco-friendly or sustainable properties.

Nevertheless, if the existing wall has cracks or instability, adding steps next to it can worsen structural issues. A separate supporting wall is necessary. Poorly drained areas should avoid solid concrete slabs unless they have built-in drainage channels. Lastly, in heavily shaded areas, materials such as brick or paving slabs can accumulate moss and algae, leading to slippery surfaces.

How do you construct garden steps?

Early stage view of garden steps in progress along a dirt pathway (Source: iStock)

By now, you already know the materials you need, the slope and step tread, and the number of levels for your garden steps. You are ready to build them. The best option is to hire a professional. Their craftsmanship and experience can help save money in the long term and prevent irreparable mistakes.

But just to give you an idea of how to build garden steps, read the guide below:

1. Prepare the site

The first step in creating garden steps is preparing the site. First, check if you need a permit to build outdoor structures. Then:

2. Follow the building process per material

Different materials require different building approaches. Here are the basic steps when working with wood, brick, and concrete. Please note that these follow after preparing the site:

Wooden steps

When do you use stringers in wooden steps? A stringer supports the treads and risers. If your garden has a slope, stringers are essential. They’re typically cut with a zigzag pattern (notched) to securely hold each tread and riser, transferring the load to the ground or a foundation.

Brick steps

Concrete steps

3. Add safety features

Many older adults in Australia experience a fall annually. Although most do not result in severe injuries, others can cause broken bones and death. One way to prevent this problem is to improve outdoor safety, including in the garden. 

When designing garden steps, incorporate the following safety features:

• Apply a broom finish, textured concrete, or anti-slip strips to prevent slipping, especially in wet conditions.

• Make riser heights and tread depth consistent to avoid tripping hazards.

• To protect against moisture, cracks, and mould growth, waterproof the materials with a concrete sealer, brick sealant, or wood treatment.

• Slightly slope each tread forward or install small drainage channels to prevent water pooling.

• Add sturdy metal, wood, or rope railings for support, especially on steep steps.

• Install lights, such as solar, LED strips under treads, or motion-sensor lights, to enhance visibility at night.

• Clean steps regularly, remove moss or algae, and repoint mortar or replace damaged boards to prevent hazards.

How can you connect spaces with garden steps?

Completed garden steps creating a polished transition from walkway to home entry (Source: iStock)

Poor space flow can contribute to significant problems, including awkward transitions, uncomfortable navigation, increased risks of trips and falls, and erosion. Follow these tips to avoid it.

Build steps leading into the garden

Building steps into a garden from your home can make the outdoor space feel more inviting. Steps from the patio to the garden can create a seamless flow between your outdoor living space and the surrounding greenery.

Wide, shallow steps with natural stone or paving slabs work well for open garden entrances. Curved steps can add a soft, organic feel and blend into the landscape. Pair garden steps with planted borders or decorative edging for a more natural transition.

Build steps between levels

In sloped gardens, steps help define different areas while making the terrain more accessible. Create steps on natural inclines to prevent erosion and make steep areas walkable.

Tiered steps with landings work best for long staircases, breaking up the climb into smaller, manageable sections. Retaining walls with built-in steps can separate different garden levels while adding structural support. For a cohesive look, use the same material as the surrounding walls or pathways.

Build steps connecting key outdoor activities

Build steps in a garden to connect areas like seating zones, fire pits, pools, or garden beds. For example, use flat stepping stones embedded in the grass for a subtle transition or place timber sleeper steps along a winding gravel path leading to a shaded pergola or pond. In sloped gardens, install brick or concrete steps within a curved pathway to guide visitors from a patio to a hidden garden nook or fire pit area.

How do you keep garden steps stylish?

A beautiful garden can increase the property’s resale value by as much as 20%. But even if you do not plan to sell the house, well-maintained gardens with stairs can improve your mental and physical health due to aesthetics.

To maintain their beauty, keep your steps clean and free of dirt, moss, and algae buildup. If you have a garden cleaning crew, ensure they regularly sweep, power wash, or scrub the steps to prevent stains and slippery surfaces. For DIY maintenance, use mild soap and a stiff brush to clean brick and stone, and seal wood or concrete to help protect against weather damage.

Incorporating decorative elements can also enhance the style of your garden steps. For instance, if you live in a cottage home, you can add iron railings or symmetrical plant arrangements to natural stone steps. Wildflower borders, soft pathway lighting, and stone or wood edging can also benefit rustic and countryside gardens.

Step into a better outdoor space with Airtasker

Natural stone garden steps set into a landscaped hillside with low shrubs and ground cover (Source: iStock)

Whether you need help with choosing the right materials, improving step flow, or understanding how to construct garden steps, hiring an experienced tradesperson can save you time and effort while achieving the best results.

Airtasker makes it easy to connect with experienced garden designers, landscapers, and masonry specialists who can bring your vision to life. Here’s how to get started:

• Post a task for free. Describe your project, including the size, materials, and style of steps you want.

• Get offers from skilled Taskers. Browse ratings, reviews, and portfolios to find the right expert for your needs.

• Discuss the details. Work directly with your chosen specialist to finalise design, costs, and timelines.

Ready to transform your outdoor space? Find a trusted expert on Airtasker today!